Monday, May 25, 2020
Tsmp - 6511 Words
Semporna Islands Darwin Project Capacity building to enhance Marine Protected Area effectiveness Tun Sakaran Marine Park Visitor and Willingness-to-Pay Survey Elizabeth Wood and Jamie Valiant Ng 2011 Contact information Dr Elizabeth Wood: Marine Conservation Society; Semporna Islands Darwin Project Manager. ewood@f2s.com; elizabeth.wood@mcsuk.org Jamie Valiant Ng: SIDP/Sabah Parks: Community Outreach Public Awareness Officer. jmieval@hotmail.com Helen Brunt: SIDP Sabah Coordinator: helen@sempornaislandsproject.com Sabah Parks, PO Box 163, 91307 Semporna, Sabah, Malaysia PO Box 10626 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah www.sabahparks.org.my sabahparks@gmail.com Marine Conservation Society, Unit 3 Wolf Business Park, Alton Road,â⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Respondents were invited to comment on any subject they felt was important regarding their visit to the Tun Sakaran Marine Park. The issues raised were lack of facilities, rubbish on the islands and in the sea (mentioned by 30 respondents) and fish bombing and damaged reefs. Positive comments were made about the beautiful islands, natural environment and marine life. Regarding entry to the Park, the fee which the majority (i.e. more than 50%) of Malaysians were willing-to-pay was just under RM10, while for other nationalities it was about RM16. Regarding entry + diving in the Park, the fee which the majority (i.e. more than 50%) of respondents was willing-to-pay was just over RM20, regardless of nationality. It is recommended that a single fee is introduce d that covers all activities in TSMP. This would follow the system that has been running successfully for many years in Australia for the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park and at Bunaken National Park in Indonesia and a number of other MPAs. The recommended daily rate (environmental management charge) for all activities based on this WTP survey and the MPAs mentioned above is RM20 for non-Malaysians and RM10 for Malaysians. The recommended annual rate (environmental management charge) for all activities is RM60 for non-Malaysians and RM30 for Malaysians. o o o o o o o o o o 3 TSMP Visitor andShow MoreRelatedEssay On No Child Left Behind1055 Words à |à 5 PagesInternational Com., 2007, April). As so is the drop-out rate of that of two largest minority groups, Hispanic and African-American students when compared to those of Caucasian descent (Magnus ,2007, December). According to Texas Schools Microdata Panel (TSMP) in an attempt to determine what factors contributed to the higher minority dropout rates, they showed that poverty is a key contributor. Because of lack of English proficiency, it is most probable for the link to the higher Hispanic dropout probabilityRead MoreThe Uses Of A Sensor1462 Words à |à 6 Pagesrequest and based on the request it allocated the network resources required to the node. In mesh topology two or more transmission paths can be allotted to sensor nodes to improve the overall reliability of network. Time synchronized mesh protocol (TSMP) can be used to support and maintain self-organized network for around hundred nodes [4]. In previous years the sensor network used inter address scheme to manage the network nodes. The address length was kept short to implement low power nodes. But
Friday, May 15, 2020
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Tragic Hero - 775 Words
Tragic Hero Essay The play Antigone, written by Sophocies, is a great example of a classical Greek tragedy. For years, there has been a debate weather Antigone or Creon is the tragic hero. The king of Thebes, Creon has some qualities of a tragic character, but doesnââ¬â¢t have all of the necessary traits. However, Antigone contains all the traits that are require to be a tragic hero, especially three traits. In Sophoclesââ¬â¢s Antigone, Antigone is the tragic hero because she is not completely good, nor completely bad, recognizes her own error and accepts its consequences, and meets a tragic end. One way that Antigone is the tragic hero is because she is neither completely good nor bad. One example of this would be when she buries her brother,â⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦It is to understand the concept for Greek tragedy, which is a great example in this play. It is hard to knowledge both Creon and Antigone, and decide who the tragic hero is. She is has her good and bad sides in this play as a character. Antigone recognizes her error and accepts her death. A tragic end occurs to Antigone at the end of the play. Because Antigone demonstrates all the traits, so Antigone is the tragic hero in thisShow MoreRelatedTragic Hero884 Words à |à 4 PagesTragic Hero ââ¬â Okonkwo Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe A tragic hero is a character that performs courageous actions but develops a tragic flaw as they move on with their lives. The effects of the flaw begin to increase and the character usually makes unwise choices. It often leads to his downfall or even death. In Things Fall Apart, Okonkwo is depicted as a tragic hero. He lived a life full of contradiction. He desired to be successful and achieve everything he wanted but he ended up committingRead MoreTragic Hero1598 Words à |à 7 PagesTragic Hero From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia A tragic hero is a protagonist with a tragic flaw, also known as fatal flaw, which eventually leads to his demise. The concept of the tragic hero was created in ancient Greek tragedy and defined by Aristotle. Usually, the realization of fatal flaw results in catharsis or epiphany. The tragic flaw is sometimes referred to as an Achilles heel after the single fatal flaw of the Greek warrior Achilles. [citation needed] Aristotelian tragicRead MoreThe Tragic Heroes Of A Tragic Hero1955 Words à |à 8 PagesOedipus Essay Tragic fates and the downfalls of others have always seemed to interest a crowd. Audiences will travel from afar and pay to witness such performances. They listen and sit at the edge of their seats wondering when and how the catastrophe will occur in the protagonistââ¬â¢s doomed life. The reason for this is because almost all of the spectators can relate to the protagonist due to the fact that the protagonists of these tragedies are tragic heroes. These tragic heroes have qualities thatRead MoreHamlet, A Tragic Hero1003 Words à |à 5 Pagesmemorable tragic heroââ¬â¢s Hamlet is the definition of a tragic hero. In the book, Hamlet, Shakespeareââ¬â¢s character hamlet is determined on killing his uncle the king. This goal proves to be challenging to him due to his morals. He often struggles with this throughout the book. This proves to be his downfall for not deciding to kill the king until the very end. A tragic hero has to have a fatal flaw that, combined with fate, brings tragedy. This is one of the key characteristics of a tragic hero. He hadRead MoreHonor : A Tragic Hero1399 Words à |à 6 Pages19 January 2016 Honor Does Not Lead to Good Things The definition of a tragic hero is perceived as one who is neither wicked nor purely innocent, one who ââ¬Å"is brave and noble but guilty of the tragic flaw of assuming that honorable ends justify dishonorable meansâ⬠. In The Tragedy of Julius Caesar, Brutus takes the role of the tragic hero. Brutusââ¬â¢s honor, nobility, and self-righteousness makes him ââ¬Å"a tragic figure, if not the heroâ⬠(Catherine C. Dominic). As the play opens, Brutus is known as a RomanRead MoreIs Oedipus A Tragic Hero?1167 Words à |à 5 PagesLiterature December, 09, 2014 Is Oedipus a tragic hero? Aristotle, Ancient Greek philosopher whom did a lot of philosophizing, he believed in a logical reality. Aristotleââ¬â¢s objective was to come up with a universal process of reasoning that would allow man to learn every imaginable thing about reality. The initial process involved describing objects based on their characteristics, states of being and actions. Aristotle once said A man doesn t become a hero until he can see the root of his own downfallâ⬠Read MoreOedipus As A Tragic Hero1724 Words à |à 7 PagesOedipus is considered a ââ¬Å"Tragic Heroâ⬠because of the tragic fate and effect that he had upon his life. My definition of a tragedy is a great loss that has a unhappy ending to which concluded me to state that Oedipus falls under that category. Throughout the book, Oedipus is leading himself to his own destruction when trying to find the killer of the late King Laios. So when a journal article I found published by The John Hopkins University Press stated that a ââ¬Å"tragic hero is a man who fails to attainRead MoreThe Tragic Hero in Antigone1018 Words à |à 5 Pagesfirst established during the fourth century in the Poetics, where he defines what makes a tragic hero. Aristotle suggests that a tragic hero is a character who has a high social standing and embodies great nobility in his/her personality. They are neither a villain nor are they entirely good, but a person somewhat like us, raised to a higher position in society. In addition, the downfall of a tragic hero is caused by fault of their own, often through arrogance or pride, as the result of freeRead MoreOedipus the Tragic Hero1390 Words à |à 6 PagesOedipus; The Tragic Hero In the Fourth Century BC, a famous philosopher named Aristotle wrote about the qualities that a tragic hero must possess. Ever since that time, there have been many examples of tragic heroes in literature. None of those characters, however, display the tragic hero traits quite as well as Oedipus, the main character from the play Oedipus Rex by Sophocles. Oedipus is, without a doubt, the absolute quintessence of a tragic hero. His example shines as clear as a sunny summerRead MoreOedipus, A Tragic Hero1648 Words à |à 7 PagesOedipus, a Tragic Hero Bob Livingston Liberty University ââ¬Æ' Sophocles presented the world with Oedipus around 2500 years ago. Never-the-less, the story remains among the most riveting of all time. He was, in fact, a man that was driven by a very high internal moral standard. It was that internal moral standard that ultimately entwined him in a sequence of events and circumstances that placed him in the spousal relationship with his mother. Oedipus, in fact, can truly be regarded as a tragic hero as Aristotle
Tuesday, May 5, 2020
How Do We Change Health Related Behaviour free essay sample
Health related behaviour, brief intervention, alcohol, stages of change, intervention mapping. ABSTRACT The health of people depends widely on their behaviour. Targeting unhealthy behaviours depends upon a number of factors since the health practitioner needs to take into account the beliefs, the intensity of the unhealthy behaviour, an individualââ¬â¢s readiness to change in order to design an appropriate intervention to help the individuals understand the risks of that particular behaviour thereby inducing change. Using alcohol consumption as a health related behavior, brief interventions for this behaviour have been explained, this is mainly due to the large success of brief interventions. Thus this essay critically discusses examples of brief interventions in order determine what contributes to a successful intervention. INTRODUCTION Every humanââ¬â¢s health and well being is affected by health related behaviour often regarded as the foremost important element or factor. With the rapid advancement in science, diseases that were incurable, today can be treated and prevented easily. It is a well understood phenomenon that individuals are unique and are characterized by multidimensional behaviours. So in order to achieve positive outcomes in improving oneââ¬â¢s health, appropriate behaviour needs to be promoted. There are variations in health-related behaviours in terms of duration, frequency and manner of impact on oneââ¬â¢s health. Health-related behaviours can be single actions involving only a primary decision such as taking part in a screening examination for example, mammography and other health-related behaviours which are long-term habits or patterns of behaviour which involve many decisions since they continue over an extended period of time. For example, smoking and dietary habits Health-related behaviours could have a positive or a negative effect on oneââ¬â¢s health. Health-related behaviours that have a positive effect are referred to as Health-protective behaviours such as using sunscreen, regular exercise, eating a low fat diet, whereas, some can have a negative effect such as substance abuse and stress-inducing behaviours. This essay aims to discuss the various effects that alcohol has on individuals and evaluate using studies with evidence as to how interventions can refrain people from alcohol abuse. ââ¬Å"Drinking is interlinked into the fabric of many societies such as sharing a bottle of wine over a meal, celebrating special occasions and going out for drinks with friendsâ⬠. Because alcohol has become such a popular element in several activities, individuals find it difficult to function socially without having alcohol failing to realise that their behaviour could become problematic. Alcohol consumption as behaviour is therefore a result of complex group of genetic, psychological and environmental factors which facilitate this kind of behaviour. The short term effects of alcohol include dizziness and talkativeness and the immediate effects of a large amount of alcohol include slurred speech, disturbed sleep, nausea and vomiting. Even low doses of alcohol impair judgement and coordination whereas moderate levels of alcohol increases instances of aggressive behaviour. Consequently long term effects of alcohol can lead to addiction (alcoholism), where an individual consumes large amounts of alcohol which is likely to produce withdrawal symptoms, hallucinations, mood swings, memory loss and blackouts, inability to concentrate, personality breakdown, infertility, alcohol poisoning, cancer of the liver, strokes, high blood pressure as well as severe anxiety. This when combined with poor nutrition can lead to permanent damage to vital organs in the body. Alcohol consumption often depends not only on the quantity and frequency of the consumption behaviour but also personal characteristics of an individual such as age, gender and weight. Although not quite believable that alcohol might have any beneficial aspect towards health, studies have revealed that moderate consumption of alcohol can reduce the risk of coronary heart diseases. This link between alcohol consumption and risk of heart disease is because ethanol in the alcohol increases the serum concentration of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Hence individuals especially over and above the age of 45 who are largely prone to risk of heart diseases could benefit from such moderate consumption. Why is there need and importance to change health-related behaviour? The health of individuals and societies at large is dependent extensively on their behaviour; therefore it is logical to say that behaviour is an important determinant of the health outcome of people. It is estimated that life expectancies through such behavioural changes could increase by 9 years and if a person could get rid of all unhealthy personal habits he would stand to gain a further 2. years (Bunker, 2001). The interaction levels of social, psychological, biological and environmental factors are said to have a significant influence in the commencement stage and maintenance stage of change in health behaviour of people (National Aceademy of Sciences, 2001). In order to further explicate this need and importance of change in health-related behaviour, few risky behaviours have been taken, there consequences detail and try to predict what would happen if behaviour did not change. For instance, smoking causes thousands of deaths from numerous diseases and it has been estimated that 25 million Americans living today and 5 million people younger than 18 years will suffer a premature death from smoking related illnesses. According to NHS statistics, approximately 114,000 people die of smoking related diseases. People smoke because nicotine is a severe addiction which weaves its way into their lives, attaching itself to everything they do. Irrespective of the beliefs that exist with respect to the risks of smoking, it does not really motivate people to avoid or quit the behaviour. There is a need for individuals to attach certain amount of personal importance to the health effects of their smoking behaviour otherwise even having complete knowledge that smoking poses health problems would have no impact on the behaviour of the individual (Jon A. Krosnick et al 2006). Due to the reasons stated above, it can be noted that there is a need to change behaviour so that people can lead healthier stress-free lives. Another example could be dietary habits. Dietary habits are based on topographical landscapes and culture. Cultural differences can bring about an immense change in the food habits that people follow. In order to lead a healthy life, people should develop and maintain a healthy diet which is a significant and controllable risk factor for several leading causes of death. Unhealthy dietary habits as per studies have shown that more than 300,000 deaths occur per year as dietary factors contribute to a wide range of diseases. In order to prevent people suffering from these diseases and to reduce mortality rates that rise out of unhealthy habits it is important and essential that these behaviours are changed (Taylor). The stated above are just a few types of health related behaviours that could be risky if not taken care of or checked on regularly. Several other health related risk behaviours include, condom use among students, use of oral contraceptives, breast self examination in older women, mammography participation, AIDS risk related behaviour, testicular self examination, safety belt non use and many more. But in the event of possession of such risky behaviours how do we reduce or abstain from such behaviour. Researchers along with psychologists and medical practitioners have extensively studied and developed various frameworks and models that could facilitate change in health related behaviours of people. These models have been proven successful. It also depends on whether the objective is to influence change amongst general public or just individuals. Different strategies, tools and methodology would be needed to be adopted to determine the change in health behaviours. Some of the widely and commonly used models to change behaviour are, the Transtheoritical Behaviour Change Model, Health-belief model, Theory of Reasoned Action, Social Cognitive Theory, Motivational Interviewing and FRAMES model. These are briefly explained below; The Transtheoritical Model of Behaviour Change, developed by (Prochaska J, 1992) provides a useful framework by analysing the stages and processes that people go through to change their behaviours. The model consists of 4 stages, pre-contemplation stage, contemplation stage, action stage and maintenance stage. The model was developed initially to treat addiction to alcohol, smoking and drug use, but has now been used in several other behaviours as well. According to the Health Belief Model, an individualââ¬â¢s practice of particular health behaviour can be understood by knowing the extent to which the person perceives the health threat and his/her perception of the practice that could reduce the threat. The personââ¬â¢s perception of health threat are influenced by general health values that are concerned with interest and concern about health, special beliefs associated with the possibility of resulting disorders and their consequences. The persons perceived threat reduction is composed of two components, the first being whether the individual thinks health behaviour will be effective and whether the cost of adopting the measure is offset by the benefits that the measure could offer. Social Cognitive Theory lays emphasis on the interaction between a personââ¬â¢s thoughts and perceptions on ne hand, and his/her behaviour on the other. The emphasis is usually through processes such as self-efficacy and outcome expectancies. In order to change health related behaviour the application of theories has echoed wide significance. These theories are applied to strategies and action plans to change health behaviour in the form of interventions. Discussion with relation to interventions explaining its significance, its relevancy and effectiveness to change health behaviour is what constitutes the next stage.
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